Future
СРАВНИТЕ
I’ll (I will) be free for most of the summer (will имеет нейтральное значение: просто указывает на будущее время)
I’m going to spend six weeks in the USA (намерение) + “will” для подробностей и комментариев
We’re (we are) going to have a meal. There’ll be about ten of us. ~ Oh, that’ll be nice.
I’m (I am) starting work in September (договорённость)
What time does your train leave tomorrow? (расписание)
The match starts at half past seven (программа)
It won’t matter what he says later (Будет неважно, что он скажет потом) (в придаточных предложениях)
I’ll see you when I get back.
I’ll be leaving (I will be leaving) in June (запланировано)
WILL
не подразумевает намерения; нейтральное выражение будущего
Where will you stay in London? (Где вы остановитесь…?)
Will you come back this evening? (Вы вернётесь сегодня вечером?
решение принимается на ходу
Mike’s plane just landed. He has a lot to carry. ~ I’ll pick him up!
Pineapples are on special offer this week. ~ In that case, I’ll buy two.
BE GOING TO
предварительное намерение
Where are you going to stay in London? (Где вы собираетесь остановиться…?)
Are you going to come back this evening?(Вы собираетесь/планируете вернуться …?)
Toni told me she‘s going to move back to Spain.
IF-ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ
будущее зависит от условия (от if-предложения)
I’ll open a bottle of lemonade if you want some (… открою, если хотите пить)
If you look to your left, you’ll see a lake (сможете увидеть)
We’ll do okay if the test isn’t too difficult. (…, если тест будет не слишком трудным)
You’ll / You are going to knock that glass over if you are not careful (… перевернёте, если не будете осторожны)
If we go on like this, we’ll / we’re going to lose all our money.
If Jimmy phones, I’ll let you know (обещание)
будущее НЕ зависит от условия (от if-предложения)
I’m going to open a bottle of lemonade, if you want some (т.е. я открою по-любому, и вы пейте, если захотите)
If you look to your left, you are going to see a lake (я знаю, что вы увидите озеро)
ПРЕДСКАЗАНИЕ
основанное на опыте ИЛИ знаниях
If you eat too much you will be sick.
I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday.
I won’t finish this before Friday.
I know him. He will report us to the police.
oснованное на том, что видим, слышим ИЛИ чувствуем в данный момент
I’ve eaten too much. I’m going to be ill.
Look at the sky. It’s going to be hot.
What’s the matter with her? ~ She thinks she’s going to faint.
PRESENT SIMPLE (NOT will):
1. в придаточных предложениях времени c before, after, as soon as, by the time, when, while, until:
Wait here until I call you (NOT until I will call you)
When you see Jim, tell him he still owes me some money (NOT When you will see)
I should be finished by the time you get back (NOT … by the time you will get back)
I can sleep when I get home.
2. в условных предложениях с if, in case, provided, unless:
Let me know if he says anything interesting.
Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem.
I’ll bring a compass in case we get lost.
3. когда предполагаем с suppose, supposing, what if:
Suppose we miss (ИЛИ missed) the bus – how will we get home?
What if the train’s (ИЛИ was) late? Where shall I meet you then?
4. когда говорим о расписании:
What time does your train leave tomorrow? ~ Seven twenty-three in the morning. It gets into Paris at eleven twenty-three.
The match starts at half past seven.
I’ve got the tour details here. We spend three days in Rome.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS – о будущем действии договорились, оно запланировано:
We’re having a party tomorrow.
Sarah’s flying to Paris next week.
David’s coming round later on.
Present continuous И be going tо очень схожи и отличаются только нюансами:
We’re having a party next week (мы договорились)
We’re going to have a party next week (мы собираемся)
Так что, часто можно использовать ЛЮБУЮ форму:
I’m meeting / I’m going to meet Harriet at six o’clock.
be going to go / be going to come
Обычно таких конструкций избегают:
Are you coming home for lunch? (лучше, чем Are you going to come …?)
I’m going to town on Saturday, (лучше, чем I’m going to go to town…)
Alice is going to university next year, (лучше, чем …is going to go to university…)
be going to / Present Continuous – намерение / договорённость + “will” для дальнейших подробностей и комментариев:
We’re going to have a meal (намерение). There’ll be about ten of us (подробности). ~ Oh, that’ll be nice (комментарии).
We’re going to drive / We’re driving down to the South of France. ~ That’ll be a long journey. Yes, it’ll take two days. We’ll arrive on Sunday.
Present Continuous НЕ применяется:
• когда предсказываем что-то, над чем не имеем власти, что не контролируем:
I think it’s going to rain / will rain soon, (NOT I think it’s raining soon)
Scientists say that the satellite is going to fall / will fall to Earth some time this afternoon (NOT …the satellite is falling…)
If there’s a storm, our ship is going to sink / will probably sink.
• когда говорим о чём-то постоянном в будущем:
People are going to live / will live longer in the future (NOT …are living…)
The brothers are going to own / will own most of the buildings in the street before long (NOT …are owning…)
Her new house is going to have / will have three floors (NOT …is having…)
• c глаголом to be (при обозначении будущего):
John’s going to be a shepherd in the school play next week (NOT John’s being…)
I’m going to be in Tokyo in May (NOT I’m being in Tokyo…)
SHALL
вместо will в 1 лице ед. и мн. числа (хотя и здесь чаще употребляется will):
When I retire, I shall / will have more time for my garden.
The stronger we are, the more we shall / will be able to help others.
В других случаях, в современном английском, для выражения будущего времени не используется.
BE TO… ИЛИ BE ABOUT TO…
be to – если о будущем событии официально договорено. Здесь возможно и Present Continuous:
The Queen is to visit (is visiting) Portugal in November.
The Student Games are to take (are taking) place in Melbourne next year.
be to + infinitive – только, если ситуация контролируется человеком:
We don’t know where the meteorite is going to land, (NOT …the meteorite is to land)
I suppose we will all die eventually, (NOT …we are all to die…)
be to + infinitive в if-предложениях, чтобы указать, на необходимое условие:
If humans are to survive as a species, we must address environmental issues now (Если людям суждено выжить, как виду…)
The law needs to be revised if justice is to be done.
be about to – для обозначения самого ближайшего будущего:
The plane is at the end of the runway. It is about to take off.
Do you want to say goodbye to our visitors? They’re about to leave.
WILL BE DOING
Передаёт действие которое будет происходить в определённое время в будущем:
Andrew can’t go to the party. He’ll be working all day tomorrow.
I’ll be out at three o’clock. I’ll be playing golf.
When the men leave the building, the police will be waiting for them.
What will we be doing in ten years’ time, I wonder?
After the operation you won’t be doing any sport for a while.
Next week at this time you will be lying on the beach and we’ll still be slaving away here.
Обычно, это:
– часть расписания
The party will be starting at ten o’clock.
The ship will be sailing soon.
– часть чьего-то плана
I’ll be sending my application tomorrow.
Will you be using the car later or I can have it?
Will you be going anywhere near a chemist’s this morning? ~ Yes, why? ~ Could you get me some aspirin, please?
How long will you be using this computer? ~ You can have it in a minute.
– действие обычное, рутинное
I’ll call in and see you tomorrow afternoon. I’ll be passing your house. It’s on my way home from work.
Trevor and Laura will be cleaning the house tomorrow. They always do it on Sunday.
Nick will be going to the club next Friday (он каждую пятницу туда ходит)
I’ll be playing golf at the weekend (я каждые выходные в него играю)
– действие, естественным образом вытекающее из сложившейся ситуации
As it’s raining, I think I’ll be going home by taxi.
I have a report to prepare. I’ll be using the computer all day.
Сравните:
The band will play when the President enters. (The President will enter and then the band will play)
The band will be playing when the President enters (The band will start playing before the President enters)
WAS TO / WERE TO + INFINITIVE
– было суждено
At the time she was probably the best actor in the theatre company, but in fact some of her colleagues were to become much better known (… некоторым из её коллег было суждено стать более известными)
He was to find out years later that the car he had bought was stolen.
– было не суждено
At the moment they didn’t know yet that they were no longer to meet.
WAS TO HAVE / WERE TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (если ожидаемое не произошло)
The boat, which was to have taken them to the island, failed to arrive (Лодка, которая должна была отвезти их на остров, не пришла)
There was to have been a ban on smoking in restaurants, but restaurant owners have forced the council to reconsider.
В неформальном контексте чаще используется be supposed to:
I was supposed to help, but I was ill (звучит естественнее, чем: I was to have helped …)
FUTURE
I haven’t got much money, so I think I’ll stay at home this summer.
I’m not going to say anything about the exams today, because I don’t have time.
I’m having a meeting with my tutor tomorrow to discuss my work.
Will you be going alone, or is Louise going with you?
The exam ends at three o’clock, so I’ll see you then.
There is to be a meeting of ministers this evening.
When the school closes, all the children are to be moved to one nearby.
As the bell is about to go for the end of the lesson, pack your books away.
FUTURE IN THE PAST
Eleni decided that she would stay at home for the summer.I wasn’t going to say anything about the exams, but the students asked me to.
I couldn’t go to the match because I was having a meeting with my tutor.
At the time, I thought I would be going alone, but then Jan said he wanted to come.
He said the exam was easy and he would have finished after 30 minutes.
It was announced that there was to be a meeting of ministers that evening.
Mrs Novak heard that she was to be moved to a post in a nearby school.
The bell was about to go when all the children started to pack their books away.
FUTURE PERFECT
will have done – что-то завершится к определённому моменту
By next summer I’ll have finished my degree (К следующему лету я уже получу диплом)
Trevor and Laura will have lived here for four years next April (К следующему апрелю … проживут здесь уже 4 года)
Will you have read this book by the time it’s due back to the library? ~ Yes. I’ll have finished it by then.
Let’s hope the volcanic eruption will have finished before we arrive on the island.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
Don’t phone at midnight. Everyone will have gone to bed (… (К этому времени) все уже будут спать)
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
will have been doing – подчёркиваем, что действие будет и дальше продолжаться в определённый момент в будущем
Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years (В следующем году будет уже 30 лет, как я работаю в этой компании)
On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year (В субботу будет уже год, как мы живём в этом доме)
Next month he will have been teaching at our university for a year.
Мы не используем Future Perfect Continuous cо статичными глаголами:
Next month I will have known Derek for 20 years, (NOT … I will have been knowing…)