1. “IT’S TIME” (“it’s high time”, “it’s about time”) – Past indefinite
It’s time you were in bed.
It’s about time we ordered dinner.
It’s high time we got rid of our old furniture.

2. “NONE OF”, “NEITHER OF”
– в формальной речи – ед. число
None of us really knows how smart she is.
None of the candidates has much support.
Neither of King Henry’s sons was born in France.

– в НЕформальной речи – мн. число
None of them are working.
None of them are any use to me.
He’s complaining that neither of them were asked.

3. “NO” – ед. число ИЛИ мн. число ИЛИ Gerund
There were no letters for you this morning.
No tourists ever come to our village.
No cameras are permitted inside the court.
No talking during the examination.
No dogs. No skateboards. No talking during the examination. No parking.

4. “NONE”, “NO ONE / NOBODY / NOTHING”
“no one/ nobody” – a Who-question
Who are you speaking to? No one (nobody).

“nothing” – a What-question
What are you doing there? Nothing.

“none” – a How many/much-question
How many fish did you catch? None.
How much progress did he make? None.
I had six phone messages, but none from Mr Blake / but none of them seemed very urgent.

5. “NO”, “NOT ANY”
сравнительные прилагательные
These seats are no better than the others (… не лучше, чем…)
These seats aren’t any better than the others (…ничем не лучше, чем…)

наречия
We should leave no later than 8.30.
We shouldn’t leave any later than 8.30.

6. “NOT“ (предпочтительнее, чем “no”)
– в усечённых отрицаниях
Do you want to keep these boxes or not? If not, I ’ll just throw them out.

– перед a/an
Not a single drop of blood was spilt.
A whale is a mammal, not a fish.

– перед “all” ИЛИ “a lot“
Not all Americans are rich.
There is not a lot to be gained by being rude to people.

7. “WHY DON’T YOU…?” ИЛИ “WHY NOT…?”
используются, когда предлагают что-либо сделать (почему бы (вам) не…)
Why don’t you come with us?
Why not _ have the party on Sunday instead of Friday? (обратите внимание на отсутствие частицы “to”)

8. ИНВЕРСИЯ
Ставим подлежащее ПОСЛЕ вспомогательного глагола (be, do, have) или модального

– “never” ИЛИ “nowhere“
I have never heard such nonsense -> Never have I heard such nonsense.
They couldn’t find a bottle-opener anywhere -> Nowhere could they find a bottle-opener.

– отрицательные выражения с “no” ИЛИ “not“
The children weren’t in danger at any time -> At no time were the children in danger.
You shouldn’t go under any circumstances -> Under no circumstances should you go.
I didn’t realize what she meant until later -> Not until later did I realize what she meant.
Mark is not only single, but he is also rich -> Not only is Mark single, but he is also rich.
Not until later did we notice the broken glass.
Not only was the car old, it had no windows.

– “neither”, “nor”, “no way“
I don’t like it. ~ Neither do my parents. Nor does my wife.
I don’t understand. ~ Neither do I.
We didn’t like the film. ~ Nor did most people.
I think Mr Atkins should let us leave early. ~ No way will he agree to that.

– “scarcely, seldom”
Scarcely had I sat down when the phone rang.
Seldom have I heard such nonsense.

– “only” + место ИЛИ время
Only in Italy can you find this ice-cream.
Only then can we decide what to do next.
Only after the test will we know if it worked.

9. SUBJUNCTIVE (в формальной речи) ИЛИ “SHOULD” (в НЕформальной речи) в THAT-предложениях
– после глаголов, выражающих приказание, правило или предложение что-либо сделать
We have already recommended that young children not be left alone in parked cars.
We have already recommended that children shouldn’t be left alone.

The doctor requested that no one  (should) have access to the files.
The committee has suggested that the cost of admission (should) be increased.

The job description stipulates that the applicant (should) have a degree in English.
The judge insisted that the boy (should) be punished and that he (should) pay for the damage.

ВНИМАНИЕ
‘He has to be over eighteen’ -> They insist that he (should) be over eighteen – Они настаивают, что ему должно быть больше 18 лет (для того, чтобы…)
‘I am over eighteen!’ -> He insists that he is over eighteen – Он настаивает, что ему больше 18 лет.

It is our recommendation that he (should) not say anything until the investigation is over.
Isn’t there a rule that safety equipment (should) be worn whenever machinery is running?
They gave instructions that all passengers (should) have passports ready for inspection.

– в конструкции “It is + прилагательное (выражающее важность, необходимость) – crucial, imperative, important, necessary…
It is essential that no one (should) feel excluded.
It is vital that every voice (should) be heard.

10.
I don’t know why he should want to see me.
I don’t see why we shouldn’t make friends.
I don’t see any reason why he shouldn’t be happy.
The door opened and who should come in but Tom.
As I was crossing the street whom should I meet but Ann.
He didn’t know why he should have expected them to look different.
I am sorry that you should think so badly of me.
He was surprised that Ann should speak so frankly.
It is strange that he should have written such a letter.
It infuriated her that he should have spoken to her in such a tone.

11. “WOULD”
МОЖЕТ использоваться в if-предложении, если нужно подчеркнуть желаемое, придать выразительность
If she would only behave herself, I’d take her with me (нейтрально: If she behaved yourself, I’d taken her with me)
If it would stop raining, we’d go to the park (нейтрально: If it stopped raining, we’d go to the park)

12. TAGS
– Imperative
* в положительных просьбах – “can you?” ИЛИ “could you?”
Wait here a moment, can you?
Give me an example, could you?
* в отрицательных просьбах – “will you?”
Don’t make any noise, will you?

– после “Let’s…” используем “shall we?”
Let’s sit in the garden, shall we?

– после “No one” ИЛИ “Nobody” используем “they”
Nobody likes it, do they?

– положительный тэг после УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОГО предложения, если мы повторяем то, что уже известно / то, что говорил собеседник
So, that’s your new car, is it?
So, the students are planning a protest, are they?

12. СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН
– если утверждение ДО СИХ ПОР верно или верно, вообще, ВСЕГДА, есть выбор:
You said you like / liked chocolate.
Claire told me her father owns / owned a racehorse.
You made me understand what love really is.
They were so young they didn’t know what an advantage it is / was to be in society.

– если утверждение УЖЕ НЕВЕРНО, изменяем время:
Claire once told me her father owned a racehorse (когда говорила (My father owns a horse), лошадь ещё была, а сейчас у него уже нет лошади)
+
Если глагол УЖЕ стоит в ПРОШЕДШЕМ ВРЕМЕНИ, есть выбор: можем оставить без изменений ИЛИ заменить на Past Perfect:
My father bought a horse -> She said her father bought / had bought a horse.
We came by car -> They said they came / had come by car.
Sorry, I was not listening -> He admitted he was not listening / hadn’t been listening.

might, could, ought to, should, must, need – не изменяются

He said we must do more ≠ He said we had to do more – см. Obligation and Necessity

I wrote that you should see them (NOT … should have seen them)
I didn’t think you need worry (NOT … you needed worry)
He said he was sure there must be a mistake (NOT … had to be a mistake)

shall -> would – в предсказании, обещании
‘I shall do it right away’ -> I remember she said that she would do it right away.

shall -> should – в предложении сделать что-либо
‘Shall I close the door?’ -> The new student asked if he should close the door.

Непрямые вопросы

В непрямой речи, при вопросе подлежащее ставится ПЕРЕД глаголом:
Where are the keys?  ->  He asked where the keys were.
НО
если подлежащим является WHO, порядок слов не изменяется:
Who has the keys?  ->  I asked who had the keys.

13. “SO”, “DO SO”
Отрицание
– “so” после отрицательной формы “believe”, “expect”, “think” (все – в значении “думать, полагать”)
Perhaps it will be nice and sunny. ~ I don’t think so. (NOT I don’t think / I don’t think it)

– “not” после положительной формы “be afraid”, “guess”, “hope“
The weather may actually get worse. ~ I hope not. (NOT I don’t hope so / I don’t hope it)

• “so” после “say” / “tell”
Jones was fired. They said so on the news.
I thought it was a mistake and I told them so.

• “so” после “less” / “more”
He used to be really serious. He’s less so now.
They are working hard. Even more so than usual.

• “if so” вместо придаточного предложения
Linda says you took her book, if so, you must…

• “do so” вместо повторения (в формальной обстановке)
She refused his offer of marriage, then regretted doing so (= …regretted refusing his offer of marriage)
IN INFORMAL SITUATIONS, может использоваться “do it” ИЛИ “do that“
Jump across the stream. Come on. Just do it! ~ Oh, no. It’s too far. I can’t do that.

• Если подлежащее меняется, используется “do it” (NOT “do so”)
Brandon forgot to take the rubbish out and I can’t do it. Can you do it? (NOT Can you do so?)

14. “HE OR SHE”
когда говорим о ком-либо, кто может быть мужского или женского рода
By the age of two, a child can understand five times as many words as he or she can say.

Вместо “he or she” часто используем мн. число
By the age of two, children can understand five times as many words as they can say.

15. MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS
I couldn’t work in Mary’s room. Hers is even smaller than yours or mine.
Mary’s parents have a computer too, but I think theirs is different from ours.
Whose bag is this? ~ I thought it was yours. It isn’t mine.
Was Erica a roommate of yours?
I went hiking with some friends of mine.
Sam Piper is a successful artist. I read that a painting of his recently sold for over £10,000.

16. НЕОПРЕДЕЛЁННЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
“-body” имеет собирательное значение
Somebody is sure to get interested in the job (= some people, one or more persons).

“-one” подразумевает одного человека
This is a letter from someone interested in the job (= some person, one person).

После неопределённых местоимений в роли подлежащего используем глагол в ед. числе и местоимение во мн. числе
Someone has been calling and saying they have to talk to you about their schedule.
If anybody calls, just take their number and say I’ll call them back as soon as possible.

17. ВОЗВРАТНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
– подчеркнуть определённое лицо или предмет
This book was signed by the writer herself!
You yourself said that she was a great writer.

 – указать, что работа выполнена без посторонней помощи
I repaired the flat tyre myself.
Terrie and Mamie painted the whole house themselves.

– ‘alone’ – сам (по себе), один
She lives by herself.
I’ll do it by myself.
НО
– объектные (НЕ возвратные) местоимения после предлогов места – above, below, beside,  near – а также bring / take+with
Amy put the bag down beside her (NOT … beside herself)
You should take an umbrella with you (NOT … with yourself)

– некоторые глаголы (shave, shower) НЕ требуют возвратного местоимения
Their father used to get up, shave, shower, get dressed and make breakfast for all of them.
НО
могут быть использованы с возвратным местоимением, чтобы подчеркнуть, например, сложность данного действия
But since his accident, he can’t shave himself or even dress himself without their help.

18. LIKE
– “to” ~ предпочитаю (хотя, может, и не получаю особого удовольствия)
I like to check my work before I hand it in.

– “-ing” ~ люблю, мне нравится (о хобби, интересах)
Claire likes skiing.
I don’t like swimming.

19. “SO THAT”
(для того, чтобы) – выражение цели
I’ll post the card today so that it gets there on Daniel’s birthday.

“will” ИЛИ “can” – будущее
I’ll give you a map so that you can find / you’ll find the way all right.

“would” ИЛИ “could” – прошедшее
I gave Nick a map so that he could / would be able to find the way all right.

В отрицательной форме “should  + infinitive” ПРЕДПОЧТИТЕЛЬНЕЙ, чем “may/can + infinitive”
I stood up, my back turned so that he shouldn’t see my face.
“Sit down”, he said, dripping his voice so that the two man in the room shouldn’t hear.

20. “WHICH”
(охватывает ВСЁ главное предложение)
It rained all night, which was good for the garden (NOT … that / what was good for him)
Anne didn’t want to marry Tom, which surprised everybody (NOT … that / what surprised everybody)
David helped me clear up, which was kind of him (NOT … that / what was kind of him)
Sara had to work late again, which annoyed Mark (NOT … that / what annoyed Mark)

21. “IF ONLY” / “I WISH” / “I’D RATHER”
отличаются степенью эмоциональности

– настоящее
Oh, if only she were home! (… если бы только она была дома (сейчас))
I wish she were home.
I’d rather she were home.
Oh,  if only I knew what to do! (… если бы я только знал, что делать (сейчас))
I wish (that) I knew what to do.
I’d rather I knew what to do.

– прошедшее
Oh, if only he had given me a chance! (… если бы только он дал мне шанс (o прошлом – а он не дал))
I wish he had given me a chance.
I’d rather he had given me a chance.

– будущее
Oh, if only our life could always be like this! (… если бы только наша жизнь могла всегда оставаться такой)
I wish our life could always be like this.
I’d rather our life could always be like this.
If it would only stop raining for a single day (… если бы только дождь прекратился хотя бы на один день)
I wish (that) it would stop raining…
I’d rather it would stop raining…

22. ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНАЯ ФОРМА СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО
1. Когда первое существительное обозначает:
• людей и другие живые существа
Mike’s children
a dog’s life
birds’ nests

• группы и организации
the committee’s decision
the BBC’s new programme
the Beatles’ music

• время
yesterday’s meeting
next week’s schedule
Monday’s news

• место
London’s night life
China’s economic policy

2. Персонификация
• когда что-то абстрактное воспринимается, как живое существо
death’s cold hand
love’s passionate embrace

• когда неживой объект представляется, как владеющий чем-то
the car’s previous owner
the computer’s faulty design

3.
– может использоваться без последующего существительного, которое подразумевается
She is at the doctor’s.
He has Alzheimer’s.
We stayed at Tom’s.

– в следующей конструкции
It’s a film of Hitchhock’s (=one of his films)
She is a friend of Margaret’s (=one of her friends)

23. ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ
Степени сравнения

• краткая форма
– односложные прилагательные
new – newer – the newest
– двусложные прилагательные с ударением на ПЕРВОМ слоге, на -er, – ow, -y, -le
clev-er – cleverer – the cleverest
narr-ow – narrower – the narrowest
simp-le – simpler – the simplest
happ-y – happier – the happiest

• краткая ИЛИ длинная (у некоторых прилагательных – friendly, quiet, clever, common, crazy, likely, lonely, narrow, simple, untidy, yellow)
Everyone was friendlier this time.
Our neighbours have become more friendly recently.
My new office is quieter than the old one.
The boys seem more quiet than usual.

THE + ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ в роли собирательного существительного
• отдельные группы людей в обществе
The rich aren’t happier than the poor.
The disadvantaged should be cared for by the wealthy.

• национальности (когда имеются в виду народы, правительства, делегации, национальные сборные, войска и т.п.)
The Italians are here and the French have also agreed to send a peace-keeping force.
The UN proposal has support from the Swiss, the Japanese and the Spanish.

• абстрактная идея
The unknown isn’t the same as the impossible.
In sports the unpredictable often happens.

24. ДРОБИ И ПРОЦЕНТЫ
– с существительным в ед. числе ИЛИ с неисчисляемым существительным – глагол в ед. числе
Two-thirds of the report is written.

– с существительным во мн. числе – глагол во мн. числе
About twenty percent of the students are Asian.

25. ИНФИНИТИВ
– it’s worth while + Infinitive
Mike knows everything. It’s worth while to turn to him for advice.
НО
it is worth + -ing-form
We can still win. It’s worth trying once more.

– except / but
“nothing could be done but/exept…”, “he could nothing but…”, “what could he do but…”, “he couldn’t help but…” – инфинитив используется БЕЗ “to”
There was nothing to do but escape.
What could he do but smile?
I couldn’t help but think about you = I couldn’t help thinking about you.

– опускаем второе “to” – если инфинитивы соединены посредством “and” или “or”
Brian just wants to sit and watch TV all day.
Do they intent to buy a flat or rent one?

– “to” ИЛИ “not to” вместо повторения глагола или предложения
Would you like to play? I’d love to.
You can stay here if you want (to).
They’ll come and participate whenever they wish (to).
НО
мы не опускаем “be”
Was Michel happy? He used to be.

– При отрицании “to” обязательно
He’d like me to stay, but I don’t want to.
I was hoping to go with you but I’ve decided not to.
She’ll leave unless he begs her not to.
Some boys kept talking after I told them not to.

26. “TOWN”
используется без артикля, если имеется в виду:
– центр города
I’m going down town to do some shopping – Я еду в центр за покупками
He has an office at home and another in town – У него есть приёмная дома и ещё одна в центре города
– административный центр (района, округа и т. п.); близлежащий город
out of town – а) в деревне; б) вне города; в отъезде
He was out of town all last week – всю прошлую неделю его не было в городе /он был в отъезде

At town – если имеется в виду пункт на пути следования
Does this train stop at York?

27. МН. ЧИСЛО СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
– с глаголом в ед. числе
news, economics, mathematics/maths, physics, politics, statistics, athletics, gymnastics, billiards, darts, measles
The news wasn’t too bad.
Measles is a disease.

– с глаголом во мн. числе

clergy, cattle, poultry, people, police

– имеют одинаковую форму ед. и мн. числа и употребляются, соответственно, с глаголом в ед. или мн. числе
means, crossroads, species, series, works (a factory), headquarters (a main office)

Собственные имена могут использоваться с глаголом во мн. числе для обозначения команд, организаций и т.п. Обратите внимание, что при переводе обычно использется ед. число:
England are ready to play against France (Англия готова играть против Франции)
British Rail have announced new plans (British Rail объявила о новых планах)

ВНИМАНИЕ
Twenty pounds is too much! (NOT Twenty pounds are too much!)
Two weeks isn’t enough time (NOT Two weeks aren’t enough time)
Cards is more than a game for some people.
Fifty pounds is too much.
Twenty miles was too far and two days wasn’t enough time.
Tom and Jerry is a rather violent cartoon.

28. После ‘CМОТРЯЩИХ’ глаголов – “regard, see, view” (РАССМАТРИВАТЬ) – “it + as + noun / adjective”
Some people see it as an investment.
Many people regard it as a really bad idea that the police have started carrying guns.
The refugees view it as an attempt to evict them.

После ‘ДУМАЮЩИХ’ глаголов – “consider, think” (СЧИТАТЬ=ПОЛАГАТЬ) – “it + noun / adjective”
They consider it an offence when women go out in public without covering their heads.
We thought it odd that no one called us.

28. “ONE” как слово-заменитель
• может использоваться во мн.числе
I prefer red roses to white ones.
What buiscuits would you like? The ones with chocolate.

• не употребляется
– после “own”
I won’t go by your car. I’ll use my own.

– после прилагательных в превосходной степени ИЛИ в сравнительной степени с определённым артиклем
Of all the runners my brother was the swiftest.
Of the two armchairs I chose the harder.
НО
His collection of stamps is a most valuable one (… очень ценная)

– после количественных числительных
I have only one friend but you have two.

29. WHY (к чему… ?)
Why lose your temper over a little thing?
Why waste your time on this work?

WHY NOT (почему не сделать что-либо)
Why not go there right away?
Why not apologize if you are wrong?

WHY DON’T (почему бы … не..?) – предложение сделать что-либо
Why don’t you put the shelves right now?
Why don’t we sit on the balcony?

30. “WHOSE”
обычно, если речь идёт о людях, но иногда и с другими существительными, которые в подобных случаях представляются как обладающие чем-либо
Which is the European country whose economy…
Round the corner was a building whose windows…

31. “OFF”, “OUT OF”
OFF
– движение С поверхности
Could you take that box off the table?

– для описания положения по отношению к поверхности
The platform was about ten feet off the ground.

– не соединённый, не связанный
Skye is an island off the west coast.
Your essay is completely off the topic.

OUT OF
– положение снаружи ИЛИ движение наружу
I lifted the kitten out of the box.
As soon as the cat was out of the box, it…

~ больше нет, закончилось
We are out of milk.
They are out of work.

32. После глаголов, выражающих НРАВИТСЯ / НЕ НРАВИТСЯ мы используем «it» перед «that»
He doesn’t like it that she still smokes.
I hate it that nobody ever cleans up after the meeting.
I hate it when the alarm suddenly goes off.
My parents love it that we live closer now.
+
I find it surprising that you waited so long.
The loud music made it difficult to talk.
We thought it strange that he was still in his pyjamas.
They regard it as encouraging that both sides are willing to continue negotiations.

33. “THAT”
– часто используется вместо “it” – является более выразительным
I am going to stay here. That’s fine.
Tell her I am sorry I missed her. I’ll do that.

– подчёркивает степень – так, настолько, до такой степени
I’ll go that far but no further.

34. КОГДА МЫ ГОВОРИМ
– о людях – “who” ИЛИ “that”
I talked to the girl who/that won the race

– о предметах ИЛИ животных – “which” ИЛИ “that”
I like the car that/which won the race.

35. Многие существительные, подразумевающие СОВОКУПНОСТЬ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЛИЦ, могут употребляться как в ед., так и во мн. числе, в зависимости от того, как представляется эта совокупность: как отдельные лица или единое целое