Obligation AND Necessity (обязанность и необходимость)
must – have to – need
MUST
Когда действие необходимо с точки зрения говорящего
I must get up earlier – I waste so much time in the mornings.
I believe people must vote at elections.
We must get together more often.
You really must lose some weight.
I must charge my phone. I meant to do it yesterday, but I forgot.
I must see the head teacher (я хочу кое-что с ней обсудить)
You’ll be leaving college soon. You must think about your future.
You must be careful with those glasses.
В официальных правилах, распоряжениях
Bookings must be made at least seven days before departure.
Safety helmets must be worn.
Cars must not be parked in front of this gate.
You must not speak so loud here.
HAVE TO
Когда к действию вынуждают обстоятельства: хочешь-не хочешь, а приходится…
I have to get up earlier – The schedule has changed and the train I take to work now leaves an hour earlier.
Everyone has to register their name and address in order to be able to vote.
She has to drink two cups of coffee in the morning before she feels really awake.
I have to see the head teacher (она меня вызвала ИЛИ произошло что-то экстраординарное)
Mark has to get the car repaired. There’s something wrong with the brakes.
My mother has to have an operation on her knee.
I have to wear glasses for reading.
Past Simple, Present Perfect ИЛИ Future c will
Emma had to go to the dentist yesterday.
Jim has had to drive all the way to Glasgow.
That wasn’t very good. We’ll have to do better next time.
С инфинитивом ИЛИ модальными глаголами
I don’t want to have to wait in a queue for ages.
Emma has toothache. She might have to go to the dentist.
+
Having to (БЫТЬ ВЫНУЖДЕННЫМ) listen to hip-hop music all evening is my idea of torture!
ВОПРОСЫ
MUST (Звучит формально)
Must I do it again?
Must we pay the entrance fee?
Must you take your coat off there?
HAVE TO
Do I have to do it again? (Используется в т. ч. вместо must)
Do we have to answer all the questions? (OR Have we got to …?, formally Must we …?)
Do you have to play your trumpet here? It’s deafening! (formally Must you play …?)
Did you have to wear uniform in school?
Why does everyone have to sign?
Don’t you have to wear a seat belt?
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
MUST
Указывает, что это плохая идея
We must not accept new regulations that restrict our civil rights.
You mustn’t drop the glasses. They’ll break.
I mustn’t forget my keys, or I won’t get in.
You mustn’t come late.
You mustn’t touch that kettle. It’s hot!
Указывает, что это запрещено
You mustn’t walk on the grass here.
You mustn’t put anything on the shelves.
HAVE TO
Указывает, что нет необходимости
The gate was open so they didn’t have to wait outside.
Everything is on the house. We don’t have to pay.
You don’t have to go. The meeting has been rescheduled for tomorrow.
HAVE TO (have got to – более разговорная форма)
Если have сокращается (e.g. I’ve, He’s, It’d), got становится обязательным:
I need a new pair of shoes, and they’ve got to be blue, (NOT … they’ve to be …)
НO
have to (а не have got to) с often, rarely, normally, sometimes, always, never, normally, sometimes, etc:
I often have to work at the weekend to get everything done.
+
have got to используется только в Present Simple, поэтому:
When did you have to give it back? (NOT When had you got to give it back?)
We didn’t have to wait too long for an answer, (NOT We hadn’t got to wait too long …)
Motorists will have to wait until next year to use the bridge.
NEED TO / HAVE TO
внешняя необходимость в каком-то действии
Jim needs to / has to leave soon.
I’ll need to / have to take an umbrella.
DON’T HAVE TO / DON’T NEED TO / NEEDN’T
отсутствие внешней необходимости
НАСТОЯЩЕЕ
Обычно:
– в конкретном случае
“don’t need to” ИЛИ “needn’t” (without “to”)
You needn’t cut = don’t need to cut the grass, I’ll do it later.
You needn’t pay = don’t need to pay me now.
It’s still early, so we needn’t rush = don’t need to rush.
I needn’t go to work = don’t need to go to work tomorrow, as it’s a holiday.
– в общем случае
“don’t need to”
Students don’t need to pay to use the library (вообще никогда не должны; ни сегодня, ни завтра…)
Drivers don’t need to get out of the car to pay their drinks.
ПРОШЕДШЕЕ
– в этом не было необходимости (я и не делал)
didn’t need to (didn’t have to) do something
I knew there wouldn’t be a test, so I didn’t need to / didn’t have to study.
I didn’t need to / didn’t have to go to work yesterday. It was my day off.
– необходимости не было, а я сделал (теперь даже немножко досадно)
needn’t have done something
I needn’t have gone to work today. I didn’t realize it was a holiday. What a mistake!
I studied all night, but the test was cancelled. I needn’t have studied at all.
It’s not cold today. We needn’t have taken warm sweaters.
БУДУЩЕЕ
– отсутствие необходимости в будущем действии
won’t have to, won’t need to
With one of the new generations of food processors, cooks won’t have to / won’t need to peel or chop anymore.